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On the Nature of Things

by Titus Lucretius Carus

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"On the Nature of Things" by Titus Lucretius Carus is a didactic poetic exposition of Epicurean philosophy from the first century BC. Comprising approximately 7,400 lines divided into six books, the work seeks to explain the nature of the universe, matter, and life through poetic language aimed at Roman audiences. Lucretius discusses atomism, proposing that all matter consists of indivisible particles moving through void, and asserts that celestial phenomena are governed by natural laws rather than divine forces. The poem also explores ideas about the soul and mind, emphasizing their mortal, physical nature, and argues that understanding the universe's physical principles can free individuals from religious fears. Written during the late Roman Republic, the work combines scientific discussion with philosophical discourse, reflecting the period's interest in natural philosophy and materialism.

The poem aims to demonstrate that natural phenomena and human existence are explainable without divine intervention, promoting a view of the universe as governed by chance and necessity.

From the opening pages

Hath splintered that cloud, then down there cleaves forthwith Yon fiery coil of flame which still we call, Even with our fathers' word, a thunderbolt. The same thing haps toward every other side Whither that force hath swept. It happens, too, That sometimes force of wind, though hurtled forth Without all fire, yet in its voyage through space Igniteth, whilst it comes along, along,— Losing some larger bodies which cannot Pass, like the others, through the bulks of air,— And, scraping together out of air itself Some smaller bodies, carries them along, And these, commingling, by their flight make fire: Much in the manner as oft a leaden ball Grows hot upon its aery course, the while It loseth many bodies of stark cold And taketh into itself along the air New particles of fire. It happens, too, That force of blow itself arouses fire, When force of wind, a-cold and hurtled forth Without all fire, hath strook somewhere amain— No marvel, because, when with terrific stroke 'Thas smitten, the elements of fiery-stuff Can stream together from out the very wind And, simultaneously, from out that thing Which then and there receives the stroke: as flies The fire when with the steel we hack the stone; Nor yet, because the force of steel's a-cold, Rush the less speedily together there Under the stroke its seeds of radiance hot. And therefore, thuswise must an object too Be kindled by a thunderbolt, if haply 'Thas been adapt and suited to the flames. Yet force of wind must not be rashly deemed As altogether and entirely cold— That force which is discharged from on high With such stupendous power; but if 'tis not Upon its course already kindled with fire, It yet arriveth warmed and mixed with heat. And, now, the speed and stroke of thunderbolt Is so tremendous, and with glide so swift Those thunderbolts rush on and down, because Their roused force itself collects itself First always in the clouds, and then prepares For the huge effort of their going-forth; Next, when the cloud no longer can retain The increment of their fierce impetus, Their force is pressed out, and therefore flies With impetus so wondrous, like to shots Hurled from the powerful Roman catapults. Note, too, this force consists of elements Both small and smooth, nor is there aught that can With ease resist such nature. For it darts Between…

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